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A Question for Postcard.org
When Do Postcard Copyrights Pass into the Public Domain
in the United States?
This response is based on Laura N. Gasaway’s chart, "WHEN WORKS PASS INTO THE PUBLIC DOMAIN," at http://www.unc.edu/~unclng/public-d.htm , "COPYRIGHT TERM FOR ARCHIVISTS," at
http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm, the Prints and Photographs Division of the Library of Congress' "COPYRIGHT AND OTHER RESTRICTIONS WHICH APPLY TO PUBLICATION AND OTHER FORMS OF DISTRIBUTION OF IMAGES: SOURCES FOR INFORMATION" at http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/print/195_copr.html, Peter B. Hirtle, "Recent Changes To The Copyright Law: Copyright Term Extension," Archival Outlook, January/February 1999; updated on 15 January 2003, and Marie C. Malaro, A Legal Primer On Managing Museum Collections (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998): 155-156.
See also U.S. Copyright Office's PDF on Copyright
This chart gives general reference guidelines. Please consult an attorney for answers to specific copyright questions.
PUBLISHED WORKS |
Time of Publication in U.S. |
Conditions |
Public Domain Status |
Before 1923 |
None |
In public domain
|
Between 1923 and 1978 |
Published without a copyright notice
|
In public domain |
Between 1978 and 1 March 1989 |
Published without notice, and without subsequent registration
|
In public domain |
Between 1978 and 1 March 1989 |
Published without notice, but with subsequent registration |
70 years after death of author, or if work of corporate authorship, the shorter of 95 years from publication, or 120 years from creation
|
Between 1923 and 1963 |
Published with notice but copyright was not renewed
|
In public domain |
Between 1923 and 1963 |
Published with notice and the copyright was renewed
|
95 years after publication date
But fewer than 15% of
all registered copyrights of this time period were actually renewed
|
Between 1964 and 1978 |
Published with notice |
70 years after death of author, or if work of corporate authorship, the shorter of 95 years from publication, or 120 years from creation
|
Between 1978 and 1 March 1989 |
Published with notice |
70 years after death of author, or if work of corporate authorship, the shorter of 95 years from publication, or 120 years from creation
|
After 1 March 1989 |
None |
70 years after death of author, or if work of corporate authorship, the shorter of 95 years from publication, or 120 years from creation
|
UNPUBLISHED WORKS |
Type of Work |
Copyright Term |
What is in the Public Domain effective 1.January 2003 in the U.S.?
|
Unpublished works |
Life of the author + 70 years |
Works from authors who died before 1933.
|
Unpublished anonymous and pseudonymous works, and works made for hire (corporate authorship)
|
120 years from date of creation |
Works created before 1883. |
Unpublished works created before 1978 that are published before 1 January 2003 |
Life of the author + 70 years or 31 December 2047, whichever is greater
|
Nothing. The earliest that the publications can enter the public domain is 1 January 2048. |
Unpublished works created before 1978 that are published after 31 December 2002
|
Life of the author + 70 years |
Works of authors who died before 1933. |
Unpublished works when the death date of the author is not known
|
120 years from date of creation5 |
Works created before 1883. |
More...
A
guide to investigating the copyright and renewal status of published work
is Samuel Demas and Jennie L. Brogdon, "Determining Copyright Status for
Preservation and Access: Defining Reasonable Effort," Library Resources and
Technical Services 41:4 (October, 1997): 323-334.
A
1961 Copyright Office study found that fewer than 15% of all registered
copyrights were renewed. For textual material (including books), the figure was
even lower: 7%.
These works may
still be copyrighted, but certification from the Copyright Office is a complete
defense to any action for infringement.
Presumption as to the author's death requires a certified
report from the Copyright Office that its records disclose nothing to indicate
that the author of the work is living or died less than seventy years
before.
Last updated: 11/06/2013 03:45:35 PM -0500
Jack Daley, Webmaster
webmaster postcard.org
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